What Does Knowledge Systems Mean: Answers from Literature

Abstract

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) constitutes a long-standing and evolving tradition of knowledge production that harmonizes empirical reasoning with philosophical and metaphysical inquiry. Rooted in ancient Indian intellectual practices, IKS presents a comprehensive worldview that integrates Jnan Vignan (systematic knowledge and science) with Jeevan Darshan (a holistic philosophy of life). This paper explores the conceptual foundations and historical development of IKS, tracing its progression from early Vedic literature to its formal recognition and integration within the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The study critically examines the epistemological basis of IKS, with particular emphasis on the theory of Pramanas as diverse and valid means of knowledge acquisition. It further analyses the structural organization of IKS through the framework of the 14 Vidyas and 64 Kalas, highlighting their interdisciplinary nature. By comparing IKS with dominant Western knowledge paradigms and other indigenous systems, the paper underscores its distinctive non-dualistic approach, wherein the knower and the known are viewed as interdependent. Empirical relevance and scientific credibility are demonstrated through selected case studies, including advanced metallurgical practices, such as Wootz steel, mathematical innovations of the Kerala School, and principles of sustainable design, embodied in Vastu Shastra. Finally, the paper discusses contemporary approaches to assessing the relevance and continuity of IKS, introduces the notion of cognitive justice, and argues for the system’s potential contribution to addressing modern challenges related to sustainability, ethical development, and mental well-being.